What event led to establishing the Department of Homeland Security?

United States federal department

United States Section of Homeland Security

Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DHS headquarters in Washington D.C.
Bureau overview
Formed	November 25, 2002; 19 years ago  (2002-11-25)
Jurisdiction	United States
Headquarters	St. Elizabeths Westward Campus, Washington, D.C., U.Due south. 38°51′17″N 77°00′00″W  /  38.8547°Due north 77.0000°Westward  / 38.8547; -77.0000 Coordinates: 38°51′17″North 77°00′00″W  /  38.8547°N 77.0000°W  / 38.8547; -77.0000
Employees	240,000 (2018)[1]
Almanac upkeep	$51.672 billion (FY 2020)[2]
Agency executives	Alejandro Mayorkas, Secretary John Tien, Deputy Secretarial assistant
Kid agency	Usa Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Direction Bureau U.South. Clearing and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Assistants Usa Coast Guard (during times of peace) Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency United States Secret Service Federal Constabulary Enforcement Training Eye Federal Protective Service Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Function of Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Function of the Clearing Detention Ombudsman Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Part of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Appointment Office of Strategy, Policy and Plans Function of Public Affairs Role of the Inspector General Privacy Part Science & Engineering science Directorate
Website	world wide web.dhs.gov
"The DHS March"

The Us Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.Southward. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or domicile ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and community, cyber security, and disaster prevention and direction.^[3]

It began operations in 2003, formed as a upshot of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in response to the September xi attacks. With more than 240,000 employees,^[1] DHS is the 3rd-largest Chiffonier department, afterwards the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.^[four] Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White Business firm by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with pregnant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice, and Energy.

History [edit]

Creation [edit]

A video released in 2016 past the DHS, detailing its duties and responsibilities

In response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush-league announced the establishment of the Part of Homeland Security (OHS) to coordinate "homeland security" efforts. The office was headed by sometime Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who assumed the championship of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The official proclamation states:

The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Part volition coordinate the executive branch'south efforts to detect, prepare for, forbid, protect confronting, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.^[5]

Ridge began his duties equally OHS director on October eight, 2001.^{[half dozen]} On November 25, 2002, the Homeland Security Human activity established the Department of Homeland Security to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to "homeland security" into a unmarried Cabinet bureau. The Gilmore Commission, supported by much of Congress and John Bolton, helped further solidify demand for the department. The DHS incorporated the following 22 agencies.^[7]

List of incorporated agencies [edit]

Original agency	Original department	New agency or office after transfer
U.S. Customs Service	Treasury	U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Clearing and Naturalization Service	Justice	U.Southward. Customs and Edge Protection U.Due south. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Citizenship and Clearing Services
Federal Protective Service	General Services Assistants	Management Directorate
Transportation Security Administration	Transportation	Transportation Security Administration
Federal Police force Enforcement Grooming Center	Treasury	Federal Law Enforcement Preparation Centre
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (role)	Agronomics	U.S. Customs and Edge Protection
Federal Emergency Management Agency	none	Federal Emergency Management Bureau (FEMA)
Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System	Health and Human Services	Originally assigned to FEMA, Returned to HHS, July 2004
Nuclear Incident Response Squad	Energy	Responsibilities distributed within FEMA
Domestic Emergency Support Team	Justice	Responsibilities distributed within FEMA
Center for Domestic Preparedness	Justice (FBI)	Responsibilities distributed within FEMA
CBRN Countermeasures Programs	Energy	Science & Engineering Advisers
Environmental Measurements Laboratory	Energy	Science & Technology Directorate
National Biological Warfare Defense Assay Eye	Defense	Science & Technology Directorate
Plum Island Animal Disease Center	Agriculture	Scientific discipline & Technology Directorate
Federal Reckoner Incident Response Heart	General Services Administration	United states of america-CERT, Role of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Preparedness Advisers
National Communications System	Defense	Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Advisers
National Infrastructure Protection Center	Justice (FBI)	Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection
Energy Security and Assurance Plan	Energy	Office of Infrastructure Protection
U.S. Declension Baby-sit	Transportation	U.S. Coast Baby-sit
U.Southward. Secret Service	Treasury	U.S. Surreptitious Service

According to border theorist Peter Andreas, the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War^[eight] and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Human action of 1947 (which had placed the different armed services departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Quango and Central Intelligence Agency). DHS constitutes the almost diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities, incorporating 22 government agencies into a single organisation.^[9] The founding of the DHS marked a modify in American thought towards threats. Introducing the term "homeland" centers attention on a population that needs to be protected not only against emergencies such every bit natural disasters simply also against diffuse threats from individuals who are not-native to the United states.^[10]

Prior to the signing of the bill, controversy near its adoption was focused on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency should be incorporated in part or in whole (neither were included). The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated "riders", as well as for eliminating certain marriage-friendly civil service and labor protections for section employees. Without these protections, employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security, incompetence or insubordination, and DHS would not be required to notify their union representatives. The program stripped 180,000 regime employees of their union rights.^[11] In 2002, Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed elimination of employee protections imperative.^[12]

Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, and President Bush signed the nib into constabulary on November 25, 2002. It was the largest U.South. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created.

Tom Ridge was named secretarial assistant on January 24, 2003, and began naming his chief deputies. DHS officially began operations on January 24, 2003, only most of the department's component agencies were not transferred into the new department until March one.^[v]

President George West. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October one, 2003.

Subsequently establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components, Ridge announced his resignation on November thirty, 2004, post-obit the re-election of President Bush. Bush initially nominated former New York Metropolis Police force Section commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor, simply on December 10, Kerik withdrew his nomination, citing personal reasons and maxim it "would not be in the best interests" of the country for him to pursue the post.

Changes under Secretary Chertoff [edit]

On January eleven, 2005, President Bush nominated federal estimate Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge. Chertoff was confirmed on February xv, 2005, by a vote of 98–0 in the U.S. Senate and was sworn in the same day.^[five]

In February 2005, DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and field of study for a new personnel system named MaxHR. The Washington Post said that the rules would let DHS "to override any provision in a union contract by issuing a department-wide directive" and would arrive "hard, if not incommunicable, for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing, deployments, technology and other workplace matters".^[12] In August 2005, U.S. District Judge Rosemary Thousand. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did non ensure commonage-bargaining rights for DHS employees.^[12] A federal appeals court ruled against DHS in 2006; pending a final resolution to the litigation, Congress's fiscal twelvemonth 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel organization.^[12] DHS announced in early 2007 that information technology was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name "MaxHR".^[5] In a February 2008 court filing, DHS said that it would no longer pursue the new rules, and that it would bide past the existing civil service labor-management procedures. A federal court issued an order closing the case.^[12]

Trump assistants [edit]

On November 16, 2018, President Donald Trump signed the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Act of 2018 into police force, which elevated the mission of the former DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate and established the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.^[13] In fiscal year 2018, DHS was allocated a net discretionary budget of $47.716 billion.^[2]

Biden administration [edit]

In 2021, the Section of Justice began carrying out an investigation into white supremacy and extremism in the DHS ranks.^[14] They accept also faced criticism for expanding the usage of discretion as a rationale to not adhere to existing laws on clearing matters, including explicit statutory requirements for detention,^[fifteen] removal,^[16] and arrests.^[17]

Simultaneously, the DHS faced a crisis in 2021. Border Patrol made the most recorded arrests of migrants in U.S. history.^[18] This was occurring every bit 18% of migrant families leaving Edge Patrol would afterward test positive for COVID-19.^[19] Despite this, a fact-check by FactCheck.org found that migrants were not responsible for the newest surge in COVID-19 infections caused by the Delta variant.^[twenty] Florida Governor Ron DeSantis blamed the surge in COVID-nineteen infections on illegal immigrants crossing the United mexican states–United States border.^[21]

In 2022, the DHS published a National Terrorism Advisory Organization message that labels those who spread "misleading narratives" about COVID-xix as a terrorist threat.^[22]

Part [edit]

Customs officers going aboard a ship

Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad, the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States inside, at, and exterior its borders. Its stated goal is to prepare for, forbid, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism.^[23] On March ane, 2003, DHS absorbed the U.S. Customs Service and Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and assumed its duties. In doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into ii separate and new agencies: Immigration and Community Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Community Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, the principal investigative arm of DHS. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.South. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Brute and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS: U.S. Customs and Border Protection. The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Advisers.

Structure [edit]

Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top-level officials in the Department of Homeland Security, as of July 17, 2008

The Section of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assist of the Deputy Secretary. The department contains the components listed below.^[24]

List of subordinate agencies [edit]

Subordinate agency	Title of head or leader	Incumbent
Direction Directorate	Under Secretary	Randolph D. "Tex" Alles (acting)
Science and Technology Advisers	Under Secretary	Kathryn Coulter Mitchell (acting)
Role of Intelligence and Analysis	Under Secretary	Melissa Smislova (acting)
Role of Strategy, Policy, and Plans	Under Secretary	Robert P. Silvers
Office of the General Counsel	General Counsel	Jonathan Meyer
United States Citizenship and Immigration Services	Director	Ur Jaddou
United states of america Coast Baby-sit	Commandant	Admiral Karl L. Schultz[25]
U.S. Customs and Border Protection	Commissioner	Chris Magnus
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency	Managing director	Jen Easterly
Federal Emergency Management Bureau	Administrator	Deanne Criswell
Federal Police force Enforcement Training Centers	Managing director	Thomas J. Walters[26]
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement	Manager	Tae Johnson (acting)
United States Secret Service	Director	James M. Murray
Transportation Security Administration	Administrator	David Pekoske
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office	Assistant Secretary	Gary Rasicot (interim)
Office of Legislative Diplomacy	Assistant Secretary	Alexandra Carnes
Office of Partnership and Engagement	Banana Secretarial assistant	Eva Millona
Office of Public Affairs	Assistant Secretarial assistant	Marsha Espinosa
Joint Requirements Council	Executive Director	Joseph D. Wawro
Office of Operations Coordination	Managing director	Christopher J. Tomney
Privacy Office	Chief Privacy Officer	Lynn Parker Dupree
Citizenship and Clearing Services Ombudsman	Manager	Phyllis A. Coven
Part for Civil Rights and Ceremonious Liberties	Officeholder	Katherine Culliton-González
Office of the Inspector General	Inspector General	Joseph Five. Cuffari[27]

Agencies

• United States Citizenship and Clearing Services: Processes and examines citizenship, residency, and asylum requests from aliens.
• U.S. Customs and Edge Protection: Police enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders (air, land, and sea) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration, customs, and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports-of-entry.
• U.S. Immigration and Community Enforcement: Police enforcement agency divided into two bureaus:

1. Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) investigates violations of more than than 400 U.S. laws and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland (Homeland Security Investigations); and
2. Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) enforces administrative violations of the Clearing and Nationality Human action by detaining, deporting, and removing violators of United States immigration law.

• Transportation Security Administration: Responsible for aviation security (domestic and international, most notably conducting rider screenings at airports), too equally land and h2o transportation security
• United States Coast Baby-sit: War machine service responsible for law enforcement, maritime security, national defense, maritime mobility, and protection of natural resources.^[28]
• United States Secret Service: Police enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and disquisitional national security missions:

1. Investigative Mission – The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic-based crimes.
2. Protective Mission – The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States, the Vice President of the Us, their immediate families, and foreign heads of state.

• Federal Emergency Management Agency: agency that oversees the federal government'south response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires.

Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the U.S. Department of State, non the Department of Homeland Security.

Informational groups:

• Homeland Security Advisory Council: Country and local government, first responders, private sector, and academics
• National Infrastructure Advisory Council: Advises on security of public and private information systems
• Homeland Security Scientific discipline and Engineering Advisory Committee: Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology.
• Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Quango: Coordinate infrastructure protection with individual sector and other levels of government
• Interagency Analogous Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities
• Task Force on New Americans: "An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English, embrace the mutual core of American civic culture, and become fully American."

Other components:

• Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Role: Counter attempts by terrorists or other threat actors to carry out an attack against the United States or its interests using a weapon of mass destruction. Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen established the CWMD Office in Dec 2017 by consolidating primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office and a majority of the Role of Health Affairs, as well every bit other DHS elements.
• Federal Law Enforcement Training Center: Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia, New Mexico, and South Carolina.
• National Protection and Programs Directorate: risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated man elements.
  • Federal Protective Service: Federal law enforcement and security bureau that protects and investigates crimes against U.Southward. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests.
  • National Communications System
• Advisers for Scientific discipline and Engineering: Research and development
• Advisers for Management: Responsible for internal budgets, bookkeeping, performance monitoring, and human being resources
• Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans: Long-range policy planning and coordination
  • Part of Clearing Statistics
• Role of Intelligence and Analysis: Identify and appraise threats based on intelligence from various agencies
• Office of Operations Coordination: Monitor domestic security situation on a daily basis, coordinate activities with state and local regime and individual sector infrastructure
• Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office, Role for Ceremonious Rights and Civil Liberties, Part of Inspector General, Citizenship and Clearing Services Ombudsman, Office of Legislative Affairs, Office of the Full general Counsel, Function of Public Affairs, Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement (CNE), Office of the Executive Secretariat (ESEC), and the Military Counselor's Office.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Bureau

In an August 5, 2002 speech, President Bush-league said: "We are fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland."^[29] Prior to the cosmos of DHS, U.S. Presidents had referred to the U.Due south. equally "the nation" or "the democracy" and to its internal policies equally "domestic".^[30] Likewise unprecedented was the utilise, from 2002, of the phrase "the homeland" by White Firm spokespeople.^[thirty]

National Terrorism Advisory System [edit]

In 2011, the Section of Homeland Security phased out the onetime Homeland Security Advisory Organization, replacing it with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System. The system has two types of advisories: alerts and bulletins. NTAS bulletins permit the secretarial assistant to communicate critical terrorism data that, while non necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the The states, tin can accomplish homeland security partners or the public chop-chop, thereby assuasive recipients to implement necessary protective measures. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible data of a terrorist threat against the U.s.. Alerts have two levels: elevated and imminent. An elevated alert is issued when there is credible information about an assault only only general information most timing or a target. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very most term.

On March 12, 2002, the Homeland Security Advisory System, a color-coded terrorism take a chance advisory calibration, was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a "comprehensive and effective means to disseminate data regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people". Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level; for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is in a higher place a certain level. Since Jan 2003, it has been administered in coordination with DHS; it has besides been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the role of the administration's detractors about its ineffectiveness. After resigning, Tom Ridge said he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies.^[31]

In January 2003, the office^{[ clarification needed ]} was merged into the Department of Homeland Security and the White Firm Homeland Security Council, both of which were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Homeland Security Council, similar in nature to the National Security Council, retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security.^[5]

Seal [edit]

Seal of the Section of Homeland Security.

The seal was adult with input from senior DHS leadership, employees, and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts. The Ad Council – which partners with DHS on its Prepare.gov campaign – and the consulting company Landor Assembly were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity.

The seal is symbolic of the Section's mission – to prevent attacks and protect Americans – on the state, in the sea and in the air. In the center of the seal, a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular bluish field. The eagle's outstretched wings break through an inner ruby ring into an outer white ring that contains the words "U.S. Department OF" in the tiptop one-half and "HOMELAND SECURITY" in the lesser half in a round placement. The eagle'due south wings pause through the inner circle into the outer ring to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security will break through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently. In the tradition of the Great Seal of the United States, the eagle'due south talon on the left holds an olive branch with thirteen leaves and 13 seeds while the hawkeye's talon on the right grasps xiii arrows. Centered on the eagle's breast is a shield divided into 3 sections containing elements that correspond the American homeland – air, state, and body of water. The tiptop element, a night blueish sky, contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come up together to grade the department. The left shield element contains white mountains behind a light-green obviously underneath a calorie-free blue heaven. The correct shield element contains iv wave shapes representing the oceans alternate calorie-free and nighttime blue separated by white lines.

- DHS June 6, 2003^[32]

Headquarters [edit]

Since its inception, the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington, D.C.'due south Nebraska Artery Circuitous, a former naval facility. The 38-acre (15 ha) site, across from American University, has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet (52,600 m^two) of administrative space.^[33] In early on 2007, the department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60-plus Washington-area offices into a single headquarters circuitous at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia, Southeast Washington, D.C.^[34]

The move was championed by Commune of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it would take on historically depressed Anacostia. The move was criticized past historic preservationists, who claimed the revitalization plans would destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus.^[35] Community activists criticized the plans because the facility would remain walled off and accept little interaction with the surrounding area.^[36]

In Feb 2015 the General Services Administration said that the site would open in 2021.^[37] DHS headquarters staff began moving to St. Elizabeths in Apr 2019 after the completion of the Center Building renovation.^{[38] [39]}

Disaster preparedness and response [edit]

Congressional budgeting furnishings [edit]

During a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee hearing on the reauthorization of DHS, Deputy Secretary Elaine Knuckles said there is a weariness and anxiety within DHS nigh the repeated congressional efforts to agree to a long-term spending plan, which had resulted in several threats to shut down the federal regime. "Shutdowns are disruptive", Duke said. She said the "repeated failure on a longtime spending plan resulting in short-term continuing resolutions (CRs) has caused "malaise" amidst the department's 240,000 employees in the weeks leading up to the CRs."^[twoscore] The uncertainty about funding hampers DHS's ability to pursue major projects and it takes away attending and manpower from important priorities. Seventy percent of DHS employees are considered essential and are not furloughed during government shutdowns.^[40]

Ready.gov [edit]

Presently after germination, the section worked with the Advertisement Council to launch the Gear up Campaign, a national public service advertising (PSA) entrada to brainwash and empower Americans to gear up for and respond to emergencies including natural and man-made disasters. With pro bono creative back up from the Martin Agency of Richmond, Virginia, the entrada website "Ready.gov" and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003, just earlier the launch of the Iraq War.^{[41] [42] [43]} One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the case of a chemical set on, citizens should utilize duct tape and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker, or "sheltering in identify" to protect themselves.^{[44] [45]} As a result, the sales of duct record skyrocketed, and DHS was criticized for being too alarmist.^[46]

On March one, 2003, the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS and in the autumn of 2008 took over coordination of the campaign. The Ready Campaign and its Castilian-language version Listo.gov asks individuals to build an emergency supply kit,^[47] make a family emergency plan^[48] and be informed near the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond.^[49] The campaign messages accept been promoted through television, radio, print, outdoor and spider web PSAs,^[l] besides as brochures, cost-gratuitous telephone lines and the English and Spanish language websites Fix.gov and Listo.gov.

The general campaign aims to reach all Americans, but targeted resources are besides available via "Ready Business" for small- to medium-sized business organisation and "Set up Kids" for parents and teachers of children ages viii–12. In 2015, the entrada likewise launched a serial of PSAs to help the whole community,^[51] people with disabilities and others with admission and functional needs prepare for emergencies, which included open up captioning, a certified deaf interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are bullheaded or accept low vision.^[52]

National Incident Management Arrangement [edit]

On March 1, 2004, the National Incident Management Organisation (NIMS) was created. The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal, state, local, and tribal governments. Nether Homeland Security Presidential Directive-v, all federal departments were required to adopt the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation plan and activities.

National Response Framework [edit]

In December 2004, the National Response Plan (NRP) was created, in an try to align federal coordination structures, capabilities, and resources into a unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to domestic incident direction. The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS.

On January 22, 2008, the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register as an updated replacement of the NRP, effective March 22, 2008.

Surge Chapters Force [edit]

The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Human action directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the section to staff a Surge Capacity Force (SCF). During a declared disaster, the DHS Secretarial assistant will determine if SCF back up is necessary. The secretary will and then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters.^[53]

Cyber-security [edit]

The DHS National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) is responsible for the response system, hazard management program, and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to Us-CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System.^{[54] [55]} The DHS Scientific discipline and Engineering Directorate helps government and individual end-users transition to new cyber-security capabilities. This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Inquiry and Development Center, which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD.^[55] The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name Arrangement (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks enquiry (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense force and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Adamant Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.^[56]

On Oct 30, 2009, DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Eye. The center brings together regime organizations responsible for protecting reckoner networks and networked infrastructure.^[57]

In Jan 2017, DHS officially designated country-run election systems as critical infrastructure. The designation made it easier for state and local election officials to get cybersecurity aid from the federal authorities. In Oct 2017, DHS convened a Government Analogous Council (GCC) for the Ballot Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various state and federal agencies such equally the Ballot Assistance Committee and National Association of Secretaries of State.^[58]

Criticism [edit]

Excess, waste matter, and ineffectiveness [edit]

The department has been dogged past persistent criticism over excessive hierarchy, waste, ineffectiveness and lack of transparency. Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $xv billion in failed contracts (equally of September 2008^[update]).^[59] In 2003, the section came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan, Deputy Chief Data Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases, had obtained her bachelor, masters, and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University, a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming.^[60] The department was blamed for upward to $2 billion of waste material and fraud after audits past the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards past DHS employees, with purchases including beer brewing kits, $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were later deemed unusable, boats purchased at double the retail cost (many of which later could non be constitute), and iPods ostensibly for employ in "information storage".^{[61] [62] [63] [64]}

A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure establish that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown, including Secret and Top Secret databases, many with out of appointment security or weak passwords. Basic security reviews were absent, and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of information almost the flaws.^[65]

Data mining [edit]

On September 5, 2007, the Associated Press reported that the DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE (Analysis, Broadcasting, Visualization, Insight and Semantic Enhancement) after the bureau's internal inspector full general plant that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place.^{[66] [67]} The organization, in evolution at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003, has cost the agency $42 million to date. Controversy over the programme is not new; in March 2007, the Regime Accountability Part stated that "the Propose tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activeness such as fraud, crime or terrorism." Homeland Security's Inspector General later on said that Suggest was poorly planned, fourth dimension-consuming for analysts to employ, and lacked adequate justifications.^[68]

Fusion centers [edit]

Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers, many of which were created under a joint projection betwixt the Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Department of Justice's Role of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007. The fusion centers gather information from regime sources equally well equally their partners in the private sector.^{[69] [70]}

They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such every bit the CIA, FBI, Section of Justice, U.S. military and country and local level regime. Equally of July 2009^[update], DHS recognized at to the lowest degree 70-two fusion centers.^[71] Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster.

At that place are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers, including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities, the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism, and their links to violations of ceremonious liberties of American citizens and others.^[72]

David Rittgers of the Cato Plant notes:

a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security. The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists every bit a potential threat; a DHS annotator in Wisconsin thought both pro- and anti-abortion activists were worrisome; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists, Tea Party groups, and a Second Amendment rally; the Maryland State Law put anti-death penalization and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third-party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ...^[73]

Mail interception [edit]

In 2006, MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman, "an 81-year-sometime retired University of Kansas history professor, received a alphabetic character from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark greenish tape bearing the words "by Border Protection" and carrying the official Homeland Security seal."^[74] The letter was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino woman with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism.^[74] A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection "best-selling that the agency tin, will and does open post coming to U.South. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it'south deemed necessary":

All mail originating outside the Us Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Community examination," says the CBP Web site. That includes personal correspondence. "All mail means 'all mail,'" said John Mohan, a CBP spokesman, emphasizing the point.^[74]

The department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what book Community might be opening mail service.^[74]

Goodman's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere,^[75] as well as in the more than established media. Reacting to the incident, Mother Jones remarked "unlike other prying government agencies, Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you."^[76] CNN observed "on the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy, Goodman's letter of the alphabet raises more concern over the rest between privacy and security."^[77]

Employee morale [edit]

In July 2006, the Office of Personnel Direction conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on task satisfaction and how they felt their corresponding agency was headed. DHS was last or near to last in every category including;

• 33rd on the talent management index
• 35th on the leadership and noesis management index
• 36th on the job satisfaction index
• 36th on the results-oriented performance culture index

The low scores were attributed to concerns near basic supervision, direction and leadership inside the agency. Examples from the survey reveal nearly concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit, dealing with poor performance, rewarding inventiveness and innovation, leadership generating loftier levels of motivation in the workforce, recognition for doing a skillful job, lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of data well-nigh what is going on with the organization.^{[78] [79]}

DHS is the just big federal agency to score beneath 50% in overall survey rankings. It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0% and fell fifty-fifty lower in 2015 at 43.1%, again last identify.^[lxxx] DHS continued to rank at the bottom in 2019, prompting congressional inquiries into the problem.^[81] Loftier piece of work load resulting from chronic staff shortage, particularly in Community and Edge Protection, has contributed to depression morale,^[82] as have scandals and intense negative public stance heightened by clearing policies of the Trump administration.^[83]

DHS has struggled to retain women, who complain of overt and subtle misogyny.^[84]

MIAC report [edit]

In 2009, the Missouri Information Assay Center (MIAC) fabricated news for targeting supporters of 3rd party candidates (such as Ron Paul), anti-abortion activists, and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members.^[85] Anti-war activists and Islamic vestibule groups were targeted in Texas, drawing criticism from the American Civil Liberties Union.^[86]

According to DHS:^[87]

The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program:

1. Justification for fusion centers
2. Ambiguous Lines of Authority, Rules, and Oversight
3. Participation of the War machine and the Private Sector
4. Data Mining
5. Excessive Secrecy
6. Inaccurate or Incomplete Information
7. Mission Pitter-patter

Freedom of Data Act processing performance [edit]

In the Center for Effective Authorities analysis of xv federal agencies which receive the almost Liberty of Information Act (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data), the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. Information technology also had not updated its policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments.^[88]

Fourteen Words slogan and "88" reference [edit]

In 2018, the DHS was accused of referencing the white nationalist Fourteen Words slogan in an official document, by using a similar 14-worded title, in relation to unlawful immigration and border control:^[89]

We Must Secure The Border And Build The Wall To Make America Safe Once more.^[90]

Although dismissed past the DHS equally a coincidence, both the utilise of "88" in a document and the similarity to the slogan's phrasing ("Nosotros must secure the being of our people and a future for white children"), drew criticism and controversy from several media outlets.^{[91] [92]}

Calls for abolitionism [edit]

While abolishing the DHS has been proposed since 2011,^[93] the thought was popularized when Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez suggested abolishing the DHS in calorie-free of the abuses confronting detained migrants by the Immigration and Community Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection agencies.^[94]

In 2020, the DHS was criticized for detaining protesters in Portland, Oregon. Information technology fifty-fifty drew rebuke from the section's first secretary Tom Ridge who said, "It would be a common cold day in hell earlier I would consent to an uninvited, unilateral intervention into 1 of my cities".^[95]

On August 10, 2020, in an opinion article for Usa Today past Anthony D. Romero, the ACLU called for the dismantling of DHS over the deployment of federal forces in July 2020 during the Portland protests.^[96]

ACLU Lawsuit [edit]

In December 2020, ACLU filed a lawsuit against the DHS, U.S. CBP and U.S. ICE, seeking the release of their records of purchasing cellphone location information. ACLU alleges that this data was used to rails U.Southward. citizens and immigrants and is seeking to discover the full extent of the alleged surveillance.^[97]

See too [edit]

• Container Security Initiative
• E-Verify
• Electronic System for Travel Authorization
• Emergency Management Institute
• Homeland Security USA
• Homeland security grant
• Dwelling Role, equivalent section in the United Kingdom
• List of land departments of homeland security
• National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Middle (NBACC), Ft Detrick, MD
• National Interoperability Field Operations Guide
• National Strategy for Homeland Security
• Project Hostile Intent
• Public Safety Canada, equivalent section in Canada
• Shadow Wolves
• Terrorism in the United States
• Us visas
• United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Engineering (Us-VISIT)
• Visa Waiver Program

References [edit]

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8. ^ [Peter Andreas: Redrawing the line 2003:92], boosted text.
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External links [edit]

• Official website
• Section of Homeland Security on USAspending.gov
• DHS in the Federal Annals

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security

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